Direct Indirect Illocutionary Acts

            Communication is an act to send, receive, know and understand about the information or message people give. There are several ways of communication which people use, such as speaking, writing, calling or sending message by cell phone, using gesture of the body and so on. Speaking is the easiest way of communication, because speaking uses all of the five senses we have. When we are speaking, the speaker, who speaks or sends information, talks with producing voice and moving their mouth. Sometimes they use some parts of the body like moving their hands, fingers, feet and winking their eyes to make the listener, who receives information, knowing what they are talking about clearly. Listener uses their ears to listen what the speaker are saying about. The speaker also uses their eyes to see the movement of their mouth for understanding every word or sentence the speaker uses.

            This is an example of communication between my lecturer and I. Note: A is me and B is my lecturer. This communication happened while we are texting by cellphone.

A: “I’m sorry for bothering you; I just want to ask when we must have a make-up class to change the previous meeting we missed.”

B: “Meet me tomorrow.”

A: “Thank you, Ma’am.”

The following day... My friends of the class and I had waited for Ma’am B for one hour, but Ma’am B did not come. I decided to send a message for asking.

A: “We have waited for you for long time; do you forget to have make-up class with us today?”

B: “Oh, I’m sorry. You said ‘thank you’ immediately although I had not given you more explanation. I was so busy yesterday, so I asked you to meet me in the office. I mean, now, to give you some printed materials and assignments to be done today for make-up class. ”

A: “I really am sorry; I will be in the office soon.”

In the office...

A: (Knocking the door)

B: “Come in.”

A: “Forgive me for my mistake, Ma’am.”

B: “It is okay. It was also my mistake too because I was too busy. Here, I have several printed materials you and your friends must read and understand by yourself, then this other one is the question you and your friends have to answer by writing. Can you submit it here soon? ”

A:”Sure. Thank you, Ma’am.”

B: “Well, you may go after the door has closed.”

A: “Yes, Ma’am.”

            Illocutionary acts are considered the core of the theory of speech acts. As already suggested above, an illocutionary act is the action performed by the speaker in producing a given utterance. The illocutionary act is closely connected with speaker’s intentions, such as stating, questioning, promising, requesting, giving commands, threatening and many others.

            This simple declarative sentence, ‘The door is there’, in the form of statement can be interpreted in at least two ways. It can be either understood literally as a reply to the question ‘Where is the way out?’ or possibly ‘Where is the door?’ or it can be taken as an indirect request to ask somebody to leave. The sentence has thus two illocutionary forces which, even if they are different, have a common proposition (content). The former case is called a direct speech act, the latter an indirect speech act. It depends on the speaker and on the contextual situation which one he will choose to convey in his speech.

            In that communication, there are several marked sentences as direct and indirect speech acts theory. My lecturer and I had a missing communication that could make us having different comprehension while we were communicating by texting. The first example is in this sentence “Meet me tomorrow”, I defined it as my lecturer wanted to have make-up class in the following day. In fact, my lecturer wanted to meet me in the office for talking the materials and assignments. It is an indirect speech act. My lecturer used a declarative structure to make a statement. I could not get the point, so I had the different meaning about that sentence. I informed all of my friends in the class to come on time having a make-up class in the following day. My lecturer asked me to have a meeting without telling where the place is. It is in the office for meeting or in the class for having a make-up class.

            The second example is “Can you submit it here soon?” which uses a direct speech act. My lecturer used understandable sentence to ask me a request directly. There was no missing communication that happened between us, because we had the same comprehension that my lecturer asked me to submit the assignment in her office soon. “Here” means in the office, because my lecturer and I were communicating in the office.

            Third example is”you may go after the door has closed” which uses an indirect speech act, because that sentence does not use the real meaning as a statement. That sentence uses declarative structure but the function is a command or a request. My lecturer asked me to close the door after leaving her room, but she did not use an imperative structure. I closed the communication with “Yes, Ma’am”. It means I know it well about the meaning and what I have to do. I must close the door before leaving my lecturer’s room. So, my lecturer gives me a request indirectly.

            Direct and indirect speech acts theory happen in our life every day. Some have good effect and some have bad effect. Usually, indirect speech act gives more bad effect than direct speech act generally. For example, indirect speech act makes the listener or receiver cannot get the real meaning what the speaker or the sender are talking about, because indirect speech act does not put the structure in the appropriate function and does not give the real meaning about the sentence. Declarative structure is not always as a statement, but it can be a request or command and so on. Sometimes the message cannot be received by listener well. Therefore, there often happens a missing communication or misunderstanding. We can imagine how dangerous if misunderstanding happened in such important thing. Message cannot be sent well and even will never be sent. It is different when we use direct speech act. That puts the structure and the function appropriately and uses the real meaning. So, the listener does not need to think a lot what the meaning is. Then, message can be sent and received well.

Hooligans VS Bonek Mania

        Football is the most popular sport which is played by 25.000 players in over 200 countries. For the first time, football was played in England on December, 19th 1863. Each country has their own football team, own name and own fans club. Fans club or spectator is the most important thing which can make football seems alive. Football is nothing without supporter.

        Either Indonesia or England has fanatic football fans club. For instance, Hooligan of England and “Bonek Mania” of Indonesia. “Bonek Mania” is fans club of Persebaya Surabaya. Actually, Indonesia has many fanatic football fan clubs, such as “Viking” from Persib Bandung supporter, “Aremania” for Arema Malang, “The Jack Mania” for Persija Jakarta, “Delta Mania” for Deltras Sidoarjo and “LA Mania” for Persela Lamongan football supporter. I choose Hooligan and Bonek Mania because there are some similarities which I will describe later.

Hooligans

        Hooligans are the fanatic fans of England football club. Most of them are in the 18-24 age groups and the rough working class people who stand near the bottom class of English. Because of that difference, low level people dissociate their selves from high level and become one in the same level. They are very close to alcohol, sex, criminal, violence and drugs.

        Hooligans’ fanatism is very dangerous for everyone around them. When their team loses, they attack shop, behave more badly along the street and even fight either the rival’s fans who attend to the stadium or some people who just become the victim of they are doing. Hooligans never feel guilty, they just do what they want to express their elation, dejection, frustration or anger because the ups and downs of the match. The most people thing that hooliganism is meaningless and hooligans are mindless people, because they just do nothing important and very useless for either every ones or their selves logically. Moreover there is a film, “Green Street Hooligans”, that tells the brutality of Hooligans in Queen Elizabeth country.

        There is no specific evidence which can decide when the Hooliganism was first done. In 1314, King Edward II prohibited football that was still done by the villagers mistakenly. They kicked the pig bladder in empty field. King Edward II was quite sure that activity just created disturbance. There are some sources tell that the Hooliganism has been done around 1880. There are some Hooligans which still exist until now, such as Millwall Bushwackers, Birmingham Zulus, Aston Villa Hardcore, Inter City Firm, 6.57 Crew, The Red Army and Chelsea Headhunters. The first, Millwall Bushwacker is fanatic football fans club of Millwal. Bushwackers, is taken by the name of one incident that happened in the middle of civil war of America. Second, Birmingham Zulus came back in 1970. They always yell “Zulu, Zulu!” along the Birmingham Street that is their specific characteristic. “Zulu, Zulu” means Zulu knight, the patriotist of Birmingham, and it is usually yelled as a provocation to make the battle up. This community is the most dangerous one, from some different backgrounds and the most are dark skinned people. Third, Aston Villa Hardcore is also famous on the Birmingham. They support Aston Villa’s club and also called The Villains. Fourth, Inter City Firm existed on 1970 until 1990 which called ICF, the fanatic supporter of London’s Club, West Ham United. Fifth, 6.57 Crew, was connected with the Prime England Portsmouth Football league, and named by the train time which brought them to Waterloo Station, London, Saturday on 06.57. They have been one of the biggest Hooligans since 1980 and become the causes of the whole country disorders. Sixth, the Red Army is the Manchester United fans, have the biggest Hooliganism in Britain. The last, Chelsea Headhunter, the London fans club of Chelsea, is known by their racialism.

Bonek Mania

        Bonek Mania is the epithet of Surabaya (Indonesia) football team supporter. “Bonek” is from Javanese acronym of “Bondo Nekat”. It means “no matter what, ready to take serious risks”. “Bonek” was firstly mentioned on Jawa Pos newspaper in 1989 for describing Surabaya’s supporter that went to Jakarta 1n 1988 with 25.000 people without bringing anything by train and buses to bear witness Surabaya’s team performance which called “away supporter”. Traditionally, they are the first Indonesia’s supporter that recognizes that Europe tradition.

        Bonek Mania has their own specific characteristic that always they use when supporting their favourite football team. Green is their specific characteristic colour and the green crocodile is their mascot. They were first called “Green Force” because all of things that they used were green dominantly, but now it changes to be “Bonek Mania” which describes their spirit of supporting Persebaya. Stadium will be green if Persebaya Surabaya is playing. Some yells they have become popular songs in Indonesia, such as Iwak Peyek, because it is very simple and has funny lyric that have been sung by everyone in all ages. Bonek Mania has a flag with screaming man in lock hair. A man in the picture is “Cak Dul” or Abdullah who had put Bonek Flag “Kami Haus Gol Kamu Persebaya” or “We are thirsty of your goal, Persebaya” on the roof of Senayan Stadium, Jakarta. Everyone who was in the stadium felt proud of his action and have made his picture as the Bonek Mania’s flag.

        Although there are many football fan clubs in Indonesia, but I choose Bonek Mania because they have similarities with Hooligans in England. They like to fight with the rival supporter and make such a disturbance neither in the stadium nor in the street. Anarchism is close to theirselves. They like drinking alcohol, creating the scene, damaging public facilities, carrying a lot of things without paying in the shop, running into stadium without any ticket and spending their life with negative and unimportant activities like that. If their team loses, they will be more anarchic. A little mistake which player or referee is doing will make them getting angry and doing unpredictable measure that is very dangerous, for instance running into field, striking the referee and even burning some parts of stadium.

        Bonek Mania makes friend with Viking, Persib Bandung fans club and becomes at enmity with Arema Malang football team supporter. In the recently years, Bonek Mania has made many problems in society especially when they are fighting with Aremania, the archenemy of Bonek Mania. Both Lazuardi and Erik Setiawan are two of their anarchism victims. They died when Bonek Mania and Aremania was fighting each other. There are still many victims that can’t be mentioned one by one. Furthermore, disadvantages which become government’s responsibility can’t be calculated precisely. They ever became the biggest rioter in Java Island. Everyone felt afraid when some people wearing green attributes around them. In the other hand, some Bonek Manias did not use any green attribute when they were in the other city. They just felt afraid if their bonek identity to be known by either peoples who hated Bonek extremely or their enemies who would fight them in gang. It is a little example of their bad behaviour effects. We know it well if some of them are coward.

        However, there is a positive value which we can get from both Hooligans and Bonek Mania that is about their solidarity. They have high solidarity especially for fellow supporter in the same team. When one falls, others help. If one dies, others grieve. It seems like that, because they feel become one, in the same condition and direction.

        In conclusion, positive and negative are a couple of thing which has been made by God. If there is a negative thing, there is also a positive one certainly. Hooligans and Bonek Mania must be in this world to colour our life either as trouble maker or as the best solidarity maker.

Phenomena Of Car Brands

            As we know that car is not a secondary need anymore. People compete to have the newest and the best car in the world. It influences car companies to produce many cars with more modern and more sophisticated cars than others. Besides of that, brand is the most important thing which must be concerned by the company to attract the buyer. Brand should describe the car as a whole. The function is to make the buyer understand well about the product that will be offered.

            According to Wikipedia, A brand is a name, term, design, or other feature that distinguishes one seller's product from those of others. The word "brand" derives from the Old Norse "brandr" meaning "to burn" - recalling the practice of producers burning their mark (or brand) onto their products.

            This research is to analyze how the car companies mix the words to get the most interesting brand. I do this research by surfing the internet and reading the history of the company in creating their own brands. In Indonesia, there are various cars that are imported from other countries and sometimes they use their either own language or English as international language to be their brands. The readers should know the reason why the company use a certain brand, because the specification of the product will be known well by understanding the description which is interpreted from the brand itself. Most of those brands are word formations including compounding, acronyms, clipping, blending, eponyms and also hypocorisms that I will explain here.

Compounding in English

No	Brands	Word Formation
1	Crosshairs	Cross (N) + hairs (N)
2	Plymouth	Ply (N) + mouth (N)
3	Kingswood	Kings (N) + wood (N)
4	Statesman	States (N) + man (N)
5	Sunbird	Sun (N) + bird (N)
6	Wingroad	Wing (N) + road (N)
7	Fairlady	Fair (Adj) + lady (N)
8	Bluebird	Blue (Adj) + bird (N)
9	Wildcat	Wild (Adj) + cat (N)
10	Roadster	Road (N) + ster (N) : abbreviation from the word “sterling”
11	Bulldog	Bull (Adj) + dog (N)
12	Lightweight	Light (N) + weight (N)
13	4Runner	4: it may be “the number four”, but if it is real four, there should be “runners” to indicate the plural form. So, it tends to be “for” (P) + Runner (N)
14	Townace	Town (N) + ace (N)
15	Facelift	Face (N) + lift (N)
16	Skyline	Sky (N) + line (N)
17	Highlander	High (Adj) + lander (N)
18	Vanguard	Van (N) + guard (N)
19	Roadrunner	Road (N) + runner (N)
20	Hypersport	Hyper (Adj) + sport (N)

Compounding in Other Languages

No	Brands	Language	Word Formation
1	Mitsubishi	Japanese	Mitsu : tree (N) + hishi/bishi : water caltrop or water chestnut (N)
2	Volkswagen	Germanic	Volks : folks (N) + wagen : car (N)

Acronyms

No	Brands	Word Formation
1	BMW	Bayerische Motoren Werke (German) or Bavarian Motor Works (English)
2	SSC	Shelby Super Cars
3	Ractis	Run activity and space
4	Allion	All-in-one

Clippings

No	Brand	Meaning
1	Ster (in Roadster)	Ster is sterling
2	Veloz	Velocity

Blending

No	Brand	Word Form
1	Luxgen	Luxury genius

Eponyms

No	Brands	Founder
1	Honda	Soichiro Honda
2	PORSCHE	Ferdinand Porsche
3	CHEVROLET	Louis Chevrolet
4	Abarth	Carlo Abarth
5	Aston Martin	Lionel Martin ( from the Aston Hill speed hillclimb near Aston Clinton in Buckinghamshire)
6	Bentley	Walter Owen Bentley
7	Bugatti	Ettore Bugatti
8	Renault	Louis Renault
9	Ferrari	Enzo Ferrari
10	Ford	Henry Ford
11	Holden	James Alexander Holden
12	Koenigsegg (Swedish : [ˈkøːnɪɡsɛɡ] and English : [ˈkʌnɪɡsɛɡ])	Christian von Koenigsegg
13	Lamborghini	Ferruccio Lamborghini
14	Cadillac	Antoine Laumet de la Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac
15	Lincoln	Abraham Lincoln
16	Morgan	Henry Frederick Stanley Morgan
17	Noble	Lee Noble
18	Panoz	Dan Panoz
19	Rolls-Royce	Henry Royce dan C.S. Rolls
20	Peugeot	Armant Peugeot

Hypocorisms

No	Brands	Hypocorisms
1	Chevrolet (pronounced /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ - Swedish )	Chevy (pronounced  /ˈʃɛvi/)

            Most of these car brands use compounding whose number is 22 (twenty two) brands, although two of them are in other languages or not in English. Eponym words are 20 (twenty) brands. There are 4 (four) acronyms, 2 (two) clippings, 1 (one) blending and 1 (one) hypocorism only. Actually, there are still many brands which I do not explain here because of the limitation of my research that must be contained 50 (fifty) brands.

a.       Compounding

            Compound word is a word that consists of two or more parts that make up one meaningful unit. It also can be meant as  words formed by combining roots, and the much smaller category of phrasal words. Compound word and phrasal word are quiet different eventhough those are formed by two the same words or more. Phrasal word is items whose structure as a phrase but its function is a word. To differentiate whether the word is compound or phrasal word, it can be distinguished by the identifying the stress pattern. Sometimes, the meaning of compound word can be detected easily by compounding the meaning of those two words, but sometimes it needs an adjustment to achieve the rightest meaning. In addition, it is because two words which are compounded in a word have a very different and unpredictable meaning.

            There are three types of compound words. They are compound verb, compound adjective and compound noun. Brand is a noun, so that I will explain compound noun only in this paper.  Compound noun itself is still divided into four types if the concentration is in the structure. They are verb-noun, noun-noun, adjective-noun and preposition-noun.

            All of those words are noun compound words that have the main stress in the left. Although they consist of adjective and preposition, but the function is the same, as a noun. Compound word contains of the head and its modifier. The head comes after the modifier and the modifier comes before the head. The head itself is a morpheme that determines the category of a compound or the word that determines the syntactic type of the phrase of which it is a member. In the other hand, the function of the modifier, the word with the main stress, is to modify and to limit the specific meaning. So, those entire compound words are endocentric compounds that have the head and its modifier containing the basic meaning of the whole compound.

·         Compounding in English

Noun-noun compound words

No	Brands	Head	Modifier	Meaning
1	Plymouth	Mouth	Ply	The mouth which is in layer or a plied mouth
2	Kingswood	Wood	Kings	The  wood that kings have
3	Statesman	Man	States	A usually wise, skilled, and respected government leader
4	Sunbird	Bird	Sun	The wood of any of several tropical American leguminous trees; the wood of a Brazilian tree used especially for furniture
5	Wingroad	Road	Wing	The road that has wing
6	Roadster	Ster (sterling)	Road	A car that has two seats and a fabric top that folds back
7	Lightweight	Weight	Light	-   A fighter who is in a class of boxers weighing from 125 to 132 pounds (57 to 60 kilograms) -   Someone or something that does not weigh as much as others -   Someone or something that has little importance or power
8	Townace	Ace	Town	The ace which is in the town
9	Facelift	Lift	Face	-   Changes made to something to make it more attractive or modern -   By extension, any activity undertaken to renew, revamp, update, or improve the appearance of something
10	Skyline	Line	Sky	The outline of buildings, mountains, against the background of the sky
11	Vanguard	Guard	Van	-   The group of people who are the leaders of an action or movement in society, politics, art -   The soldiers, ships, that are at the front of a fighting force that is moving forward
12	Roadrunner	Runner	Road	A North American bird that lives in the desert and runs very fast
13	Crosshairs	Hairs	Cross	A very thin wire or thread that is seen when you look into a microscope or telescope and that is used for precisely viewing or aiming at something

·         Compounding in Other Languages

Noun-noun compound words

No	Brands	Head	Modifier	Meaning
1	Volkswagen	Wagen	Volks	Car of populace or citizenry

Adjective-noun compound words

No	Brands	Head	Modifier	Meaning
1	Fairlady	Lady	Fair	A beautiful or fair lady
2	Bluebird	Bird	Blue	A small North American bird that is mostly blue with a blue, brown. Or orange belly
3	Wildcat	Cat	Wild	A kind of cat that lives in the wilderness
4	Bulldog	Dog	Bull	A short, strong, muscular dog with short hair, short legs, and a wide square head
5	Highlander	Lander	High	An inhabitant of a highland
6	Hypersport	Sport	Hyper	A very active sport

Preposition-noun compound word

No	Brands	Head	Modifier	Meaning
1	4runner (for runner)	Runner	4 (for)	Something that is given for the runner

On the table above, there are 13 (thirteen) noun-noun compound words in English and 2 (two) in Japanese and German, 6 (six) adjective-noun compound words, and 1 (one) preposition-noun compound word only. All of them have the same head in the right word and the same modifier in the left word.

Compound word is not only in English but also in other languages, such as Japanese, Germanic, and so on. Some of compound words above can be interpreted easily and some of them have a very different meaning of the two words that compound it. For instance roadrunner, the noun-noun compound word, is not a runner in the certain road as the real meaning, but a North American bird that lives in the desert and runs very fast. That brand tends to show a symbol that describes a product. The symbol of a product can be an interesting and important thing to be considered as I have explained before. Symbol can be either a picture or a word, especially compound words which are used by the most companies in the world.

I have marked several items with red colour that are needed to be explained further because of its different form from others. They are:

1.     –s morphemes in kings, states, hairs  in the final words are to show the plural form of those nouns. Morpheme is the smallest unit of a word that carries a meaning. This –s morpheme is a kind of a derivational morpheme that changes the meaning. Because it is a plural morpheme of noun, so the noun itself is not a single noun but the number is more than one.

2.     Ster in the roasdter is an abbreviation which has meaning sterling or silver that is 92 percent pure. It is kind of clipping that I will explain the next.

3.     4 in 4runner tends to have meaning “for” rather than “four”. Those two words are homophone. Homophone is a word that is pronounced like another word but is different in meaning, origin, or spelling. In addition, if 4 here has the real meaning, there should be a plural form with –s morpheme after the word runner (or in the final word). So, it can be proven clearly that  4 here is “for” as a preposition not “four” as a number.

b.      Acronyms

Acronym is a word formed from the first letters of each one of the words in a phrase. Nowadays, there are many acronyms that Indonesian people use in daily activity, such as KEPO (Knowing Every Particular Object) and LOL (Laugh Out Loud or Laughing Out Loud). The function is to make a phrase shorter and can be reminded easily.  For a brand, acronym can be an interesting and useful choice to make the product more glamour. BMW is well-known brand. That acronym comes from German, Bayerische Motoren Werke or Bavarian Motor Works in English. The export of a product from one country to another country may change the original brand, but most of them are translated in English, as international language. The benefit is to facilitate the marketing of the product itself. Another example of car brand that uses acronym is SSC or Shelby Super Cars. Both of BMW and SSC keep the capital letter because they just use the first or initial letter in each word. In the other hand, many acronyms do not use any capital letter, for instance ractis or run activity and space and allion or all-in-one. Although these acronyms do not use capital letter, they are still called acronym because the structures use the initial letter or the first syllable only.

c.       Clipping

The element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping. Clipping is divided into 3 types; they are initial clipping (retaining the final part), medial clipping (deleting the middle part) and final clipping (retaining the beginning part). I find two clippings in these brands; those are ster from word sterling and veloz from velocity. Although veloz is ended with –z, it is still called clipping because both of them retain the beginning part only. So, they are the final clippings.

d.       Blending

The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also presented in the process or the fusion of two words into one called blending. Usually, the form is the first part of one word with the last part of another word, but the blending that I will explain here is a combination both of the initial syllable or the first part of two words. That is luxgen from luxury and genius. That blending uses the initial syllable, lux and gen. So that is called initial blending.

e.       Eponym

New words based on the name of a person or a place is called eponyms. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, eponym is one for whom or which something that is believed to be named. Actually, there are many companies use the name of the founder, a place, or their favourite figure to be their brands.

Eponyms that the most company uses are the last name of the founders, such as Honda from Soichiro Honda, Ferrari from Enzo Ferrari, Lamborghini from Ferruccio Lamborghini, and so on. Sometimes, they combine the last name of the founder with a name of the place, like Aston Martin from Lionel Martin and from the Aston Hill speed hillclimb near Aston Clinton in Buckinghamshire. They also combine the last name of the two founders, for instance Rolls-Royce from Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls. Cadillac is inspired by the name of an explorer from French in the 17th century, Antoine Laumet de la Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac.

f.       Hypocorisms

A particular type of reduction, favoured in Australian and British English, produces forms technically known as hypocorisms. The function is to reduce a longer word into a single syllable with final –y or –ie. Here, there is one example only of hypocorisms. It is Chevrolet (pronounced /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ - Swedish) to be Chevy (pronounced /ˈʃɛvi/).

From data and analysis above, the conclusion is that morphology as the branch of linguistics has the most important role in advertising. The reason is because many companies actually use linguistics items such as word formation to support their product. Word formations that usually they use are compounding, acronyms, clipping, blending, eponyms and also hypocorisms. Compounding can be the most favourite choice to create a brand. It may be because compounding is the most interesting way to describe their product. Most of them are solid or closed compound nouns, because there is no hyphen or any space that connects those two word. After compound word, eponym is the second choice to many companies to make a brand. So, they are not only offer their product, but they actually want to be a well-known founder. Therefore, public will remember the brand of the product and the founder also. There are many ways that companies do to make their product famous. Many car brands in Indonesia use English, because we have not afforded yet to produce car ourselves. Although some of Indonesian schools have made several cars, but the materials are still imported from another country.

References:

-          Yule, George. “The Study of Language.” 4th ed. Cambridge University Press. Print.

-          “Compound (linguistics).” Wikipedia Online. 11 Jun. 2015. Web. 14 Jun. 2015.                 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)>.

-          “Daftar merek mobil.” 8 Jun. 2015. Web. 14 Jun. 2015.               <http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_merek_mobil>.

-          “Brand.” 11 Jun. 2015. Web. 15 Jun. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Brand>.